'\"
'\" Copyright (c) 2006 Andreas Kupries <andreas_kupries@users.sourceforge.net>
'\"
'\" See the file "license.terms" for information on usage and redistribution
'\" of this file, and for a DISCLAIMER OF ALL WARRANTIES.
'\"
.TH refchan n 8.5 Tcl "Tcl Built-In Commands"
.\" The -*- nroff -*- definitions below are for supplemental macros used
.\" in Tcl/Tk manual entries.
.\"
.\" .AP type name in/out ?indent?
.\"	Start paragraph describing an argument to a library procedure.
.\"	type is type of argument (int, etc.), in/out is either "in", "out",
.\"	or "in/out" to describe whether procedure reads or modifies arg,
.\"	and indent is equivalent to second arg of .IP (shouldn't ever be
.\"	needed;  use .AS below instead)
.\"
.\" .AS ?type? ?name?
.\"	Give maximum sizes of arguments for setting tab stops.  Type and
.\"	name are examples of largest possible arguments that will be passed
.\"	to .AP later.  If args are omitted, default tab stops are used.
.\"
.\" .BS
.\"	Start box enclosure.  From here until next .BE, everything will be
.\"	enclosed in one large box.
.\"
.\" .BE
.\"	End of box enclosure.
.\"
.\" .CS
.\"	Begin code excerpt.
.\"
.\" .CE
.\"	End code excerpt.
.\"
.\" .VS ?version? ?br?
.\"	Begin vertical sidebar, for use in marking newly-changed parts
.\"	of man pages.  The first argument is ignored and used for recording
.\"	the version when the .VS was added, so that the sidebars can be
.\"	found and removed when they reach a certain age.  If another argument
.\"	is present, then a line break is forced before starting the sidebar.
.\"
.\" .VE
.\"	End of vertical sidebar.
.\"
.\" .DS
.\"	Begin an indented unfilled display.
.\"
.\" .DE
.\"	End of indented unfilled display.
.\"
.\" .SO ?manpage?
.\"	Start of list of standard options for a Tk widget. The manpage
.\"	argument defines where to look up the standard options; if
.\"	omitted, defaults to "options". The options follow on successive
.\"	lines, in three columns separated by tabs.
.\"
.\" .SE
.\"	End of list of standard options for a Tk widget.
.\"
.\" .OP cmdName dbName dbClass
.\"	Start of description of a specific option.  cmdName gives the
.\"	option's name as specified in the class command, dbName gives
.\"	the option's name in the option database, and dbClass gives
.\"	the option's class in the option database.
.\"
.\" .UL arg1 arg2
.\"	Print arg1 underlined, then print arg2 normally.
.\"
.\" .QW arg1 ?arg2?
.\"	Print arg1 in quotes, then arg2 normally (for trailing punctuation).
.\"
.\" .PQ arg1 ?arg2?
.\"	Print an open parenthesis, arg1 in quotes, then arg2 normally
.\"	(for trailing punctuation) and then a closing parenthesis.
.\"
.\"	# Set up traps and other miscellaneous stuff for Tcl/Tk man pages.
.if t .wh -1.3i ^B
.nr ^l \n(.l
.ad b
.\"	# Start an argument description
.de AP
.ie !"\\$4"" .TP \\$4
.el \{\
.   ie !"\\$2"" .TP \\n()Cu
.   el          .TP 15
.\}
.ta \\n()Au \\n()Bu
.ie !"\\$3"" \{\
\&\\$1 \\fI\\$2\\fP (\\$3)
.\".b
.\}
.el \{\
.br
.ie !"\\$2"" \{\
\&\\$1	\\fI\\$2\\fP
.\}
.el \{\
\&\\fI\\$1\\fP
.\}
.\}
..
.\"	# define tabbing values for .AP
.de AS
.nr )A 10n
.if !"\\$1"" .nr )A \\w'\\$1'u+3n
.nr )B \\n()Au+15n
.\"
.if !"\\$2"" .nr )B \\w'\\$2'u+\\n()Au+3n
.nr )C \\n()Bu+\\w'(in/out)'u+2n
..
.AS Tcl_Interp Tcl_CreateInterp in/out
.\"	# BS - start boxed text
.\"	# ^y = starting y location
.\"	# ^b = 1
.de BS
.br
.mk ^y
.nr ^b 1u
.if n .nf
.if n .ti 0
.if n \l'\\n(.lu\(ul'
.if n .fi
..
.\"	# BE - end boxed text (draw box now)
.de BE
.nf
.ti 0
.mk ^t
.ie n \l'\\n(^lu\(ul'
.el \{\
.\"	Draw four-sided box normally, but don't draw top of
.\"	box if the box started on an earlier page.
.ie !\\n(^b-1 \{\
\h'-1.5n'\L'|\\n(^yu-1v'\l'\\n(^lu+3n\(ul'\L'\\n(^tu+1v-\\n(^yu'\l'|0u-1.5n\(ul'
.\}
.el \}\
\h'-1.5n'\L'|\\n(^yu-1v'\h'\\n(^lu+3n'\L'\\n(^tu+1v-\\n(^yu'\l'|0u-1.5n\(ul'
.\}
.\}
.fi
.br
.nr ^b 0
..
.\"	# VS - start vertical sidebar
.\"	# ^Y = starting y location
.\"	# ^v = 1 (for troff;  for nroff this doesn't matter)
.de VS
.if !"\\$2"" .br
.mk ^Y
.ie n 'mc \s12\(br\s0
.el .nr ^v 1u
..
.\"	# VE - end of vertical sidebar
.de VE
.ie n 'mc
.el \{\
.ev 2
.nf
.ti 0
.mk ^t
\h'|\\n(^lu+3n'\L'|\\n(^Yu-1v\(bv'\v'\\n(^tu+1v-\\n(^Yu'\h'-|\\n(^lu+3n'
.sp -1
.fi
.ev
.\}
.nr ^v 0
..
.\"	# Special macro to handle page bottom:  finish off current
.\"	# box/sidebar if in box/sidebar mode, then invoked standard
.\"	# page bottom macro.
.de ^B
.ev 2
'ti 0
'nf
.mk ^t
.if \\n(^b \{\
.\"	Draw three-sided box if this is the box's first page,
.\"	draw two sides but no top otherwise.
.ie !\\n(^b-1 \h'-1.5n'\L'|\\n(^yu-1v'\l'\\n(^lu+3n\(ul'\L'\\n(^tu+1v-\\n(^yu'\h'|0u'\c
.el \h'-1.5n'\L'|\\n(^yu-1v'\h'\\n(^lu+3n'\L'\\n(^tu+1v-\\n(^yu'\h'|0u'\c
.\}
.if \\n(^v \{\
.nr ^x \\n(^tu+1v-\\n(^Yu
\kx\h'-\\nxu'\h'|\\n(^lu+3n'\ky\L'-\\n(^xu'\v'\\n(^xu'\h'|0u'\c
.\}
.bp
'fi
.ev
.if \\n(^b \{\
.mk ^y
.nr ^b 2
.\}
.if \\n(^v \{\
.mk ^Y
.\}
..
.\"	# DS - begin display
.de DS
.RS
.nf
.sp
..
.\"	# DE - end display
.de DE
.fi
.RE
.sp
..
.\"	# SO - start of list of standard options
.de SO
'ie '\\$1'' .ds So \\fBoptions\\fR
'el .ds So \\fB\\$1\\fR
.SH "STANDARD OPTIONS"
.LP
.nf
.ta 5.5c 11c
.ft B
..
.\"	# SE - end of list of standard options
.de SE
.fi
.ft R
.LP
See the \\*(So manual entry for details on the standard options.
..
.\"	# OP - start of full description for a single option
.de OP
.LP
.nf
.ta 4c
Command-Line Name:	\\fB\\$1\\fR
Database Name:	\\fB\\$2\\fR
Database Class:	\\fB\\$3\\fR
.fi
.IP
..
.\"	# CS - begin code excerpt
.de CS
.RS
.nf
.ta .25i .5i .75i 1i
..
.\"	# CE - end code excerpt
.de CE
.fi
.RE
..
.\"	# UL - underline word
.de UL
\\$1\l'|0\(ul'\\$2
..
.\"	# QW - apply quotation marks to word
.de QW
.ie '\\*(lq'"' ``\\$1''\\$2
.\"" fix emacs highlighting
.el \\*(lq\\$1\\*(rq\\$2
..
.\"	# PQ - apply parens and quotation marks to word
.de PQ
.ie '\\*(lq'"' (``\\$1''\\$2)\\$3
.\"" fix emacs highlighting
.el (\\*(lq\\$1\\*(rq\\$2)\\$3
..
.\"	# QR - quoted range
.de QR
.ie '\\*(lq'"' ``\\$1''\\-``\\$2''\\$3
.\"" fix emacs highlighting
.el \\*(lq\\$1\\*(rq\\-\\*(lq\\$2\\*(rq\\$3
..
.\"	# MT - "empty" string
.de MT
.QW ""
..
.BS
.\" Note:  do not modify the .SH NAME line immediately below!
.SH NAME
refchan \- Command handler API for channels implemented in Tcl code
.SH SYNOPSIS
.nf
\fBchan create \fImode cmdPrefix\fR

\fIcmdPrefix \fBblocking\fI channel mode\fR
\fIcmdPrefix \fBcget\fI channel option\fR
\fIcmdPrefix \fBcgetall\fI channel\fR
\fIcmdPrefix \fBconfigure\fI channel option value\fR
\fIcmdPrefix \fBfinalize\fI channel\fR
\fIcmdPrefix \fBinitialize\fI channel mode\fR
\fIcmdPrefix \fBread\fI channel count\fR
\fIcmdPrefix \fBseek\fI channel offset base\fR
\fIcmdPrefix \fBwatch\fI channel eventspec\fR
\fIcmdPrefix \fBwrite\fI channel data\fR
.fi
.BE
.SH DESCRIPTION
.PP
The Tcl-level handler for a reflected channel has to be a command with
subcommands (termed an \fIensemble\fR, as it is a command such as that
created by \fBnamespace ensemble\fR \fBcreate\fR, though the implementation
of handlers for reflected channel \fIis not\fR tied to \fBnamespace
ensemble\fRs in any way; see \fBEXAMPLE\fR below for how to build an
\fBoo::class\fR that supports the API). Note that \fIcmdPrefix\fR is whatever was
specified in the call to \fBchan create\fR, and may consist of
multiple arguments; this will be expanded to multiple words in place
of the prefix.
.PP
Of all the possible subcommands, the handler \fImust\fR support
\fBinitialize\fR, \fBfinalize\fR, and \fBwatch\fR. Support for the
other subcommands is optional.
.SS "MANDATORY SUBCOMMANDS"
.\" METHOD: initialize
.TP
\fIcmdPrefix \fBinitialize \fIchannel mode\fR
.
An invocation of this subcommand will be the first call the
\fIcmdPrefix\fR will receive for the specified new \fIchannel\fR. It
is the responsibility of this subcommand to set up any internal data
structures required to keep track of the channel and its state.
.RS
.PP
The return value of the method has to be a list containing the names
of all subcommands supported by the \fIcmdPrefix\fR. This also tells
the Tcl core which version of the API for reflected channels is used by
this command handler.
.PP
Any error thrown by the method will abort the creation of the channel
and no channel will be created. The thrown error will appear as error
thrown by \fBchan create\fR. Any exception other than an \fBerror\fR
(e.g.,\ \fBbreak\fR, etc.) is treated as (and converted to) an error.
.PP
\fBNote:\fR If the creation of the channel was aborted due to failures
here, then the \fBfinalize\fR subcommand will not be called.
.PP
The \fImode\fR argument tells the handler whether the channel was
opened for reading, writing, or both. It is a list containing any of
the strings \fBread\fR or \fBwrite\fR. The list may be empty, but
will usually contain at least one element.
.PP
The subcommand must throw an error if the chosen mode is not
supported by the \fIcmdPrefix\fR.
.RE
.\" METHOD: finalize
.TP
\fIcmdPrefix \fBfinalize \fIchannel\fR
.
An invocation of this subcommand will be the last call the
\fIcmdPrefix\fR will receive for the specified \fIchannel\fR. It will
be generated just before the destruction of the data structures of the
channel held by the Tcl core. The command handler \fImust not\fR
access the \fIchannel\fR anymore in no way. Upon this subcommand being
called, any internal resources allocated to this channel must be
cleaned up.
.RS
.PP
The return value of this subcommand is ignored.
.PP
If the subcommand throws an error the command which caused its
invocation (usually \fBchan close\fR) will appear to have thrown this
error. Any exception beyond \fBerror\fR (e.g.,\ \fBbreak\fR, etc.) is
treated as (and converted to) an error.
.PP
This subcommand is not invoked if the creation of the channel was
aborted during \fBinitialize\fR (See above).
.RE
.\" METHOD: watch
.TP
\fIcmdPrefix \fBwatch \fIchannel eventspec\fR
.
This subcommand notifies the \fIcmdPrefix\fR that the specified
\fIchannel\fR is interested in the events listed in the
\fIeventspec\fR. This argument is a list containing any of \fBread\fR
and \fBwrite\fR. The list may be empty, which signals that the
channel does not wish to be notified of any events. In that situation,
the handler should disable event generation completely.
.RS
.PP
\fBWarning:\fR Any return value of the subcommand is ignored. This
includes all errors thrown by the subcommand, \fBbreak\fR, \fBcontinue\fR, and
custom return codes.
.PP
This subcommand interacts with \fBchan postevent\fR. Trying to post an
event which was not listed in the last call to \fBwatch\fR will cause
\fBchan postevent\fR to throw an error.
.RE
.SS "OPTIONAL SUBCOMMANDS"
.\" METHOD: read
.TP
\fIcmdPrefix \fBread \fIchannel count\fR
.
This \fIoptional\fR subcommand is called when the user requests data from the
channel \fIchannel\fR. \fIcount\fR specifies how many \fIbytes\fR have been
requested. If the subcommand is not supported then it is not possible to read
from the channel handled by the command.
.RS
.PP
The return value of this subcommand is taken as the requested data
\fIbytes\fR. If the returned data contains more bytes than requested,
an error will be signaled and later thrown by the command which
performed the read (usually \fBgets\fR or \fBread\fR). However,
returning fewer bytes than requested is acceptable.
.PP
Note that returning nothing (0 bytes) is a signal to the higher layers
that \fBEOF\fR has been reached on the channel. To signal that the
channel is out of data right now, but has not yet reached \fBEOF\fR,
it is necessary to throw the error "EAGAIN", i.e. to either
.PP
.CS
return -code error EAGAIN
.CE
or
.CS
error EAGAIN
.CE
.PP
For extensibility any error whose value is a negative integer number
will cause the higher layers to set the C-level variable "\fBerrno\fR"
to the absolute value of this number, signaling a system error.
However, note that the exact mapping between these error numbers and
their meanings is operating system dependent.
.PP
For example, while on Linux both
.PP
.CS
return -code error -11
.CE
and
.CS
error -11
.CE
.PP
are equivalent to the examples above, using the more readable string "EAGAIN",
this is not true for BSD, where the equivalent number is -35.
.PP
The symbolic string however is the same across systems, and internally
translated to the correct number. No other error value has such a mapping
to a symbolic string.
.PP
If the subcommand throws any other error, the command which caused its
invocation (usually \fBgets\fR, or \fBread\fR) will appear to have
thrown this error. Any exception beyond \fBerror\fR, (e.g.,\ \fBbreak\fR,
etc.) is treated as and converted to an error.
.RE
.\" METHOD: write
.TP
\fIcmdPrefix \fBwrite \fIchannel data\fR
.
This \fIoptional\fR subcommand is called when the user writes data to
the channel \fIchannel\fR. The \fIdata\fR argument contains \fIbytes\fR, not
characters. Any type of transformation (EOL, encoding) configured for
the channel has already been applied at this point. If this subcommand
is not supported then it is not possible to write to the channel
handled by the command.
.RS
.PP
The return value of the subcommand is taken as the number of bytes
written by the channel. Anything non-numeric will cause an error to be
signaled and later thrown by the command which performed the write. A
negative value implies that the write failed. Returning a value
greater than the number of bytes given to the handler, or zero, is
forbidden and will cause the Tcl core to throw an error.
.PP
To signal that the channel is not able to accept data for writing
right now, it is necessary to throw the error "EAGAIN", i.e. to either
.PP
.CS
return -code error EAGAIN
.CE
or
.CS
error EAGAIN
.CE
.PP
For extensibility any error whose value is a negative integer number
will cause the higher layers to set the C-level variable "\fBerrno\fR"
to the absolute value of this number, signaling a system error.
However, note that the exact mapping between these error numbers and
their meanings is operating system dependent.
.PP
For example, while on Linux both
.PP
.CS
return -code error -11
.CE
and
.CS
error -11
.CE
.PP
are equivalent to the examples above, using the more readable string "EAGAIN",
this is not true for BSD, where the equivalent number is -35.
.PP
The symbolic string however is the same across systems, and internally
translated to the correct number. No other error value has such a mapping
to a symbolic string.
.PP
If the subcommand throws any other error the command which caused its
invocation (usually \fBputs\fR) will appear to have thrown this error.
Any exception beyond \fBerror\fR (e.g.,\ \fBbreak\fR, etc.) is treated
as and converted to an error.
.RE
.\" METHOD: seek
.TP
\fIcmdPrefix \fBseek \fIchannel offset base\fR
.
This \fIoptional\fR subcommand is responsible for the handling of
\fBchan seek\fR and \fBchan tell\fR requests on the channel
\fIchannel\fR. If it is not supported then seeking will not be possible for
the channel.
.RS
.PP
The \fIbase\fR argument is the same as the equivalent argument of the
builtin \fBchan seek\fR, namely:
.IP \fBstart\fR 10
Seeking is relative to the beginning of the channel.
.IP \fBcurrent\fR 10
Seeking is relative to the current seek position.
.IP \fBend\fR 10
Seeking is relative to the end of the channel.
.PP
The \fIoffset\fR is an integer number specifying the amount of
\fBbytes\fR to seek forward or backward. A positive number should seek
forward, and a negative number should seek backward.
A channel may provide only limited seeking. For example sockets can
seek forward, but not backward.
.PP
The return value of the subcommand is taken as the (new) location of
the channel, counted from the start. This has to be an integer number
greater than or equal to zero.
If the subcommand throws an error the command which caused its
invocation (usually \fBchan seek\fR, or \fBchan tell\fR) will appear to have
thrown this error. Any exception beyond \fBerror\fR (e.g.,\ \fBbreak\fR,
etc.) is treated as and converted to an error.
.PP
The offset/base combination of 0/\fBcurrent\fR signals a \fBchan tell\fR
request, i.e.,\ seek nothing relative to the current location, making
the new location identical to the current one, which is then returned.
.RE
.\" METHOD: configure
.TP
\fIcmdPrefix \fBconfigure \fIchannel option value\fR
.
This \fIoptional\fR subcommand is for setting the type-specific options of
channel \fIchannel\fR. The \fIoption\fR argument indicates the option to be
written, and the \fIvalue\fR argument indicates the value to set the option to.
.RS
.PP
This subcommand will never try to update more than one option at a
time; that is behavior implemented in the Tcl channel core.
.PP
The return value of the subcommand is ignored.
.PP
If the subcommand throws an error the command which performed the
(re)configuration or query (usually \fBfconfigure\fR or
\fBchan configure\fR) will appear to have thrown this error. Any exception
beyond \fBerror\fR (e.g.,\ \fBbreak\fR, etc.) is treated as and
converted to an error.
.RE
.\" METHOD: cget
.TP
\fIcmdPrefix \fBcget \fIchannel option\fR
.
This \fIoptional\fR subcommand is used when reading a single type-specific
option of channel \fIchannel\fR. If this subcommand is supported then the
subcommand \fBcgetall\fR must be supported as well.
.RS
.PP
The subcommand should return the value of the specified \fIoption\fR.
.PP
If the subcommand throws an error, the command which performed the
(re)configuration or query (usually \fBfconfigure\fR or \fBchan configure\fR)
will appear to have thrown this error. Any exception beyond \fIerror\fR
(e.g.,\ \fBbreak\fR, etc.) is treated as and converted to an error.
.RE
.\" METHOD: cgetall
.TP
\fIcmdPrefix \fBcgetall \fIchannel\fR
.
This \fIoptional\fR subcommand is used for reading all type-specific options
of channel \fIchannel\fR. If this subcommand is supported then the
subcommand \fBcget\fR has to be supported as well.
.RS
.PP
The subcommand should return a list of all options and their values.
This list must have an even number of elements.
.PP
If the subcommand throws an error the command which performed the
(re)configuration or query (usually \fBfconfigure\fR or \fBchan configure\fR)
will appear to have thrown this error. Any exception beyond \fBerror\fR
(e.g.,\ \fBbreak\fR, etc.) is treated as and converted to an error.
.RE
.\" METHOD: blocking
.TP
\fIcmdPrefix \fBblocking \fIchannel mode\fR
.
This \fIoptional\fR subcommand handles changes to the blocking mode of the
channel \fIchannel\fR. The \fImode\fR is a boolean flag. A true value means
that the channel has to be set to blocking, and a false value means that the
channel should be non-blocking.
.RS
.PP
The return value of the subcommand is ignored.
.PP
If the subcommand throws an error the command which caused its
invocation (usually \fBfconfigure\fR or \fBchan configure\fR) will appear to
have thrown this error. Any exception beyond \fBerror\fR (e.g.,\ \fBbreak\fR,
etc.) is treated as and converted to an error.
.RE
.\" METHOD: truncate
.TP
\fIcmdPrefix \fBtruncate\fI channel length\fR
.
This \fIoptional\fR subcommand handles changing the length of the
underlying data stream for the channel \fIchannel\fR. Its length
gets set to \fIlength\fR.
.RS
.PP
If the subcommand throws an error the command which caused its
invocation (usually \fBchan truncate\fR) will appear to have thrown
this error. Any exception beyond \fBerror\fR (e.g.,\ \fBbreak\fR,
etc.) is treated as and converted to an error.
.RE
.SH NOTES
Some of the functions supported in channels defined in Tcl's C
interface are not available to channels reflected to the Tcl level.
.PP
The function \fBTcl_DriverGetHandleProc\fR is not supported;
i.e.,\ reflected channels do not have OS specific handles.
.PP
The function \fBTcl_DriverHandlerProc\fR is not supported. This driver
function is relevant only for stacked channels, i.e.,\ transformations.
Reflected channels are always base channels, not transformations.
.PP
The function \fBTcl_DriverFlushProc\fR is not supported. This is
because the current generic I/O layer of Tcl does not use this
function anywhere at all. Therefore support at the Tcl level makes no
sense either. This may be altered in the future (through extending the
API defined here and changing its version number) should the function
be used at some time in the future.
.SH EXAMPLE
.PP
This demonstrates how to make a channel that reads from a string.
.PP
.CS
oo::class create stringchan {
    variable data pos
    constructor {string {encoding {}}} {
        if {$encoding eq ""} {set encoding [encoding system]}
        set data [encoding convertto $encoding $string]
        set pos 0
    }

    method \fBinitialize\fR {ch mode} {
        return "initialize finalize watch read seek"
    }
    method \fBfinalize\fR {ch} {
        my destroy
    }
    method \fBwatch\fR {ch events} {
        # Must be present but we ignore it because we do not
        # post any events
    }

    # Must be present on a readable channel
    method \fBread\fR {ch count} {
        set d [string range $data $pos [expr {$pos+$count-1}]]
        incr pos [string length $d]
        return $d
    }

    # This method is optional, but useful for the example below
    method \fBseek\fR {ch offset base} {
        switch $base {
            start {
                set pos $offset
            }
            current {
                incr pos $offset
            }
            end {
                set pos [string length $data]
                incr pos $offset
            }
        }
        if {$pos < 0} {
            set pos 0
        } elseif {$pos > [string length $data]} {
            set pos [string length $data]
        }
        return $pos
    }
}

# Now we create an instance...
set string "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.\\n"
set ch [\fBchan create\fR read [stringchan new $string]]

puts [gets $ch];   # Prints the whole string

seek $ch -5 end;
puts [read $ch];   # Prints just the last word
.CE
.SH "SEE ALSO"
chan(n), transchan(n)
.SH KEYWORDS
API, channel, ensemble, prefix, reflection
'\" Local Variables:
'\" mode: nroff
'\" End:
